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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kalwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kalwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gelh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gelH-</orth>
          <def>bald, bare; head</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kalwaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kalwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kalwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑl.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᛚᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bald</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *golH-wo-s (found also in Balto-Slavic), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gelh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gelh">*gelH-</ref></mentioned> (‘bald, bare; head’). Also suggested as borrowed from early Latin calvus.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kalwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kalwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kalwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kalwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kalwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kalwammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kalu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*calo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cāle, cālu, cāel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kaal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kalu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>calu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>calwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>callow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kalu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kale, kāle</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>koal</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>keal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kalu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kalo, chalo, kalwēr, chalwēr, chalawēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kahl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>kuel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kalu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kalo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kāle, kāl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kahl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>kal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚨᛚᚹᚨᛉ (*kalwaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*kālvë</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚨᛚᚹᚨᛉ (*kalwaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*kǫlr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kal, kalka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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