<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kannijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kannijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kannijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kannijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kannijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑn.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᚾᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to make known</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *kunnaną (‘to know’) + *-janą (‘causative suffix’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kannijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kannijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kannijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kannīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kannijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kannī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kannijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kannijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kannīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kannijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kannijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kannijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kannijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kannijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kannijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kannijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kannijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kannijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kannijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kannijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kannijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kannijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kannīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kannijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kannīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kannijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kannijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kannijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kannijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kannijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kannijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kannijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kannidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kannidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kannidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kannidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kannidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kannidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kannidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kannidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kannidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kannidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kannidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kannidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kannidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kannidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kannidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kannidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kannijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kannidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kannijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>kennen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kennen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>kènne, kinne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>kennen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kennen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kennen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>ken</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>ken</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cennan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>kennen, kenin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>ee-kent</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kenna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kenne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*kennen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kennen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>kenne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>kenna</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>kenne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kennen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>kennen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>kenne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>kenna</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קענען (kenen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kennian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kennen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kenna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>kenna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kenna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>känne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kenna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>kenna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kenna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kjenna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kjenne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kenna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kænnæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kende</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>kænða</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kenna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kænna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>känna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kannjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
