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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kaupijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kaupijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kaupijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaupijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kaupijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑu̯.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᚢᛈᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to buy; trade</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *kaupô (‘merchant’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaupijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaupijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaupidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaupidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kaupijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kaupidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kaupijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>cōpen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>côpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>koupe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>cōpen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>côpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kopen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>koop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kopu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>koop, kop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kop</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċīepan, ċȳpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chepen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>cheap</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>chepe, cheip</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>koufen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>koufen, keufen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>käufen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kōpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kö̂pen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>köpen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>keypa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>tjyöpa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>keypa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>keypa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>kaupa, køypa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>køba</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>keypa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>køpæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>købe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>kjøpe</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                            <orth>kjøpa</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>keypa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kø̄pa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>köpa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Finnish</lang>
                  <orth>kaupita</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                  <orth>*kupiti</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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