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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kaupōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kaupōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kaupona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaupōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kaupōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑu̯.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᚢᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to buy; trade</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *kaupô (‘merchant’) + *-ōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaupōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaupōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaupōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaupōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaupōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaupōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaupōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kaupōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kaupōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kaupōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>cōpon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>côpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>koupe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>cōpon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>côpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kopen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>koop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kopu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>koop, kop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kop</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċēapian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chepen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>cheap</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>chepe, cheip</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kāpia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>koopje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>keapje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kāpia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>cop</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>koufōn, choufōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>koufen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>kaufn, kaffa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>koofe, kaufe, koofn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>kaafm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kaufen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>kafen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>kaofja</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קויפֿן (koyfn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaupōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*kōpōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kôpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kopen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>kaupa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>tjyöpa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>keypa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>kaupe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>kaupa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>kaupa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>køba</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>cowp, coup</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>kaupa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kø̄pæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>købe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>kjøpe</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                            <orth>kjøpa</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>kaupa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kø̄pa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>köpa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 (kaupōn)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Finnish</lang>
                  <orth>kaupata</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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