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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kazą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kazą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_kwaryos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*kʷaryos</orth>
          <def>cauldron</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kwer" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kʷer-</orth>
          <def>bowl, vessel</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kaza" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kazą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kazą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑ.zɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᛉᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>vessel, vat, tub, barrel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unknown origin.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from a Proto-Germanic *kas- (‘to throw, toss, raise, bring up’), itself of uncertain origin (see also *kastōną (‘to throw’)), though Kroonen rejects this on phonetic grounds. Other theories connecting the word to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwer"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwer">*kʷer-</ref></mentioned> (‘bowl, vessel’) (whence Proto-Germanic *hweraz (‘kettle’) and Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_kwaryos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_kwaryos">*kʷaryos</ref></mentioned> (‘cauldron’)) are semantically attractive, but phonetically impossible via inherited sound laws (thus, if related, a borrowing must have taken place).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Orel prefers to take the root as a cultural loanword, ultimately from Proto-Semitic *kaʔs- (‘beaker, goblet’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kazą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kazō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kazą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kazō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kazas, kazis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kazǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kazamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kazō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kazamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kazą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kazō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>car, care, caer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kaar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*cær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>*buncær</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Early Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bonker, bunkur, bunker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>bunker</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>bunker</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*kar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kar, kare</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ker</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ker</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ker</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>kjer</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kjer</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ker</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>kar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>kar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>kar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>kar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ker</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌺𐌰𐍃 (kas)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*kārē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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