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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kerbaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kerbaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gerbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gerbʰ-</orth>
          <def>to scratch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kerbana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kerbaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kerbaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈker.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛖᚱᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cut</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gerbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gerbh">*gerbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to scratch’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kerbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kerbaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kerbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kirbizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kerbaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kerb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kerbazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kerbaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kirbidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kerbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kerbadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kerbadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kerbaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kerbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kerbaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kerbadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kerbaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kerbadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kerbamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kerbaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kirbid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kerbaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kirbid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerbandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerbain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerbandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>karb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kurbį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>karft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kurbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>karb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kurbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kurbū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kurbīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kurbudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kurbīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kurbum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kurbīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kurbud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kurbīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kurbun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kurbīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kerbandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kurbanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kerbaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kervan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kerven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kerven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ceorfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cherven</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ceorfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>kerven, carve, carven, cerven, karven, kerve, kirven, kyrvyn, ceorfan, ceorfæn, keorven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>carve</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>cairve, kerve, kerf, carf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kerva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>karve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>käärwje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kerve</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kerban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kërben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>chërbe, kërbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>kerwe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kerben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>karbować</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>karwa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קאַרבן (karbn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kervan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kerven, karven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>karve</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>karven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>karve</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>karva</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
