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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kerzaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kerzaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_garrio_x2" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>garrio</orth>
          <def>to chatter</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_garsas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gar̃sas</orth>
          <def>sound</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kerzana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kerzaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kerzaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈker.zɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛖᚱᛉᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to creak (of birds)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to cry (of birds)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gers-. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_garrio_x2"><ref target="#cog_lat_garrio_x2">garrio</ref></mentioned> (‘to chatter’) and Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_garsas"><ref target="#cog_lit_garsas">gar̃sas</ref></mentioned> (‘sound’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">The expected form *kersaną is unattested, the current form with -z- arose by influence of the iterative *kurzōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kerzō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kerzaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kerzai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kirzizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kerzaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kerz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kerzazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kerzaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kirzidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kerzai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kerzadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kerzadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kerzaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kerzōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kerzaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kerzadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kerzaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kerzadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kerzamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kerzaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kerzandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kerzaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kirzid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kerzaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kirzid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kerzandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kerzaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerzandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerzain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerzandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerzandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kerzaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>karz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kurzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>karzt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kurzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>karz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kurzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kurzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kurzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kurzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kurzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kurzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kurzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kurzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kurzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kurzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kurzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kerzandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kurzanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kerzaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerʀan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċeorran</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerʀan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kerran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kerren, karren</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerʀan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kerran, cherran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kerren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>khèrran</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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