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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *keusaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_keusaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_geuo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>γεύω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>geúō</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_josati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>जोषति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>jóṣati</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_keusana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/keusaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>keusaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkeu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛖᚢᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to test, to try</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to choose</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *ǵews- (‘to taste, try’). According to Kim, this was originally the subjunctive to a root aorist. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_geuo"><ref target="#cog_grc_geuo">γεύω</ref></mentioned> (geúō), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_josati"><ref target="#cog_san_josati">जोषति</ref></mentioned> (jóṣati).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>keusō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>keusaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>keusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kiusizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>keusaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>keus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>keusazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>keusaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kiusidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>keusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>keusadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>keusadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>keusaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>keusōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>keusaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>keusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>keusaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>keusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>keusamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>keusaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>keusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>keusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kiusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>keusaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kiusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>keusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>keusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>keusandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>keusain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>keusandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>keusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>keusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kuzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kuzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kuzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kuzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kuzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kuzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kuzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kuzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kuzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kuzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kuzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kuzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kuzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>keusandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kuzanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>keusaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kiesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kiesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kiezen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kies</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċēosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chesen, chees, cheese, cheesen, chese, chesyn, cheose, cheys, chiese, chiesen, chyese, chose, chuse, cesen, cheosen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>choose</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċēosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chesen, chees, cheese, cheesen, chese, chesyn, cheose, cheys, chiese, chiesen, chyese, chose, chuse, cesen, cheosen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ches, chese, chuis</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>chuise, cheese</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kiāsa, ziāsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kese</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kjoze</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kieze</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kiosan, chiosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kiesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kiesen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kiosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kêsen, kîsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>kejse</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kiesen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kesen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scanian</lang>
                        <orth>késa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kiosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kêsen, kîsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>kesa</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>kesa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kyse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kjósa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kjósa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>kjose</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kiūsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tjusa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (kiusan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*kousiti</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Church Slavonic</lang>
                      <orth>въкоусити (vŭkusiti)</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Russian</lang>
                        <orth>вкуси́ть (vkusítʹ)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kiusat'ak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>kiusata</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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