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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kewwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kewwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gyewh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵyewh₁-</orth>
          <def>to chew</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_gingiva" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>gingīva</orth>
          <def>gums</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_suwam" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>śuwaṃ</orth>
          <def>to eat</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kewwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kewwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kewwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkew.wɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛖᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to chew</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gyewh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gyewh1">*ǵyewh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to chew’); compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_gingiva"><ref target="#cog_lat_gingiva">gingīva</ref></mentioned> (‘gums’), Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="txb" target="#cog_txb_suwam"><ref target="#cog_txb_suwam">śuwaṃ</ref></mentioned> (‘to eat’), Polish żuć (‘to chew’), Persian جویدن (javidan), Pashto [script needed] (žovạl, ‘to bite, gnaw’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kewwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kewwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kiwwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kewwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>keww</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kewwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kewwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kiwwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kewwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kewwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kewwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kewwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kewwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kewwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kewwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kewwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kewwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kewwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kiwwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kewwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kiwwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kewwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kewwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kewwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kuwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kuwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kuwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kuwū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kuwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kuwudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kuwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kuwum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kuwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kuwud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kuwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kuwun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kuwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kewwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kuwanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kewwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kiuwan, *kūwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kewen, ceuwen, cuwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċēowan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>chow, chaw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċēowan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>chew</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>tschaae</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*kiāwa, *kiāwja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kauje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kôgje, kôchje, koaie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kiuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kiuwen, kūwen, kewen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>chüüwe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>kuin</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>khòjan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kauen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>kaue</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>kaue</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*keuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kiuwan, kiwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>keuwen, kuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>käwwen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tyggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dalian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tygge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tyggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tyggja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tyggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>tygge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>tygga, tygge, tyggja, tyggje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tyggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tiugga, tugga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tugga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tyggva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dalian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tygge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tyggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>tyggja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tyggva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>tygge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>tygga, tygge, tyggja, tyggje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>tyggva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tiugga, tugga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tugga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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