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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kirnijǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kirnijǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kirnijo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kirnijǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kirnijǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈker.ni.jɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛁᚱᚾᛁᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a churn</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Derived from Proto-Germanic *kernǭ (‘creme’)? Alternatively, the latter word is a backformation from this one. Possibly, they are related to *kernô (‘core’), which is related to *kurną (‘corn, grain’); yet this is disputed.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kirnijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kirnijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kirnijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kirnijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kirnijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kirnijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kirnijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kirnijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kirnijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kirnijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kirnijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kirnijōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kirnijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Walloon</lang>
                    <orth>serene</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kirnijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kirna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kerne, keerne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>karn</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>karring</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kirnijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċirin, ċyrin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chyrne, cherine, cherne, cheyrne, chirne, kirne, kyrn, kyrne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>churn, kern</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>kirn, kern, kurn, curn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kirnijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*tzerne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>East Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tsjerne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kirnijā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kerne, kirne, karne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Karn, Kirne, Kerne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Latvian</lang>
                        <orth>ķērne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Karne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kirna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kærne, kjærne, kjerne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kirna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kirna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>kinne</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kirna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kirna, kerna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kärna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kirnu</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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