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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *klappōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_klappōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_klepati" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*klepati</orth>
          <def>to knock, clap</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_klappona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klappōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>klappōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈklɑp.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛚᚨᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>To clap, strike or pound (especially two things against each other)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>To make loud noises, especially breathing or pulsating.</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>To chatter.</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Onomatopoeic and influenced by (or related to) verbs such as *klupjaną (‘to grip, grasp, clasp’), analyzable as *klappaz (‘a hit, clap’) + *-ōną (‘denominal suffix’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_klepati"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_klepati">*klepati</ref></mentioned> (‘to knock, clap’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klappǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klappōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klappōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klappōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klappōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klappōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klappōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klappōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klappōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klappōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>klappōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>klappōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klappōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klappōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klappōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klappōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klappōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klappōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klappōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klappōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klappōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klappōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>klappōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>klappōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>klappōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>klappōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klappōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klappōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klappōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klappōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klappōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klappōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>klappōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>klappōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>klappōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*klappon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>clappen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>klappen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>klap</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>clappian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>clappen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>clap</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>clap</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>klappia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>klappe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>klappe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>klaffōn, klapfōn, chlaphōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>klaffen, klapfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>klaffen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*klappōn, klapōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>klappen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>klappen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>klappen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>klappa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>klappa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>klappa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>klappa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>klappa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>klappa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>klappe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>klappe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>klappa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>claper, clapper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>clapper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>clapper</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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