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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *klawjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_klawjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_klawjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klawjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>klawjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈklɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛚᚨᚹᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to claw or scratch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">No certain cognates outside of Germanic. Some take the root to be from a base *gel- (‘to make round, clench’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klawjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klawjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klawjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klawisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klawjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klawi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klawjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klawjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klawiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klawjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klawjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klawjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klawjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>klawjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>klawjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klawjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klawjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klawjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klawjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klawjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klawiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klawjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klawiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klawjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klawjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klawjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klawjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klawjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klōwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klōwt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klōwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klōwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>klōwū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>klōwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>klōwudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>klōwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klōwum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klōwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klōwud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klōwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klōwun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klōwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>klawjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>klawanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>klawjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*clōien, *clouen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>clôyen, clooien, clouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>klooien, klauwen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>clawan, clāwan, *clīeġan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>clawen, cleen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>claw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>claw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>klawjan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kleuen, klæwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kläuen, klauen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*klauwjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*klawian, *klōian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>klâwen, klowen, klouwen, klöuwen, kleien, kleyen, klayen, klegen, kleigen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>klauen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>klá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kláa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>klá</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>klø</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>klå</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>klá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>klā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>klå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kleyja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kláa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>klá</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>klø</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>klå</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kleyja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>klā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>klå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kalvadak</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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