<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *klinganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_klinganą_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_clango" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>clangō</orth>
          <def>to clang</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_klingana_1" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klinganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>klinganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkliŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛚᛁᚾᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sound</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *glengʰ- (‘sound’), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gal-, *gelH- (‘to call, sound’) (compare *golH-s- (‘voice, cry’)), the root whence also *kalzōną, and/or ultimately onomatopoeic, similar to Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_clango"><ref target="#cog_lat_clango">clangō</ref></mentioned> (‘to clang’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klingō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klingaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klingai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klingizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klingaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kling</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klingazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klingaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klingidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klingai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klingadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klingadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klingaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>klingōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>klingaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klingadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klingaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>klingadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klingamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klingaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klingid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klingaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klingid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klingandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klingain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klingandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>klungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klanht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>klungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>klungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>klungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>klungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>klungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>klungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>klungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>klungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>klungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>klingandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>klunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>klinganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>klinga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>klinke</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>klinge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>klinke</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klingen, clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                      <orth>kjlinjen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klingen, clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>klingen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klingen, clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>East Westphalian</lang>
                          <orth>klingen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Münsterländer</lang>
                          <orth>klingen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klingen, clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>klingja, *klinga</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>klinge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>klinga</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>klingja</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klingen, clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>klingja, *klinga</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>klinga</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>klinga</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*clingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                      <orth>klinge, klinke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*clingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>klingen, klinken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>klink</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*clingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>klingen, klinken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>clinquant</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>clinquant</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*clingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>clingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>clinken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>clink</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>clink</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>klingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>klingen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>klingen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>kléngen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>קלינגען (klingen)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
