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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *klumpô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_klumpô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_glembh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*glembʰ-</orth>
          <def>clasp; mass</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_glabt" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>glābt</orth>
          <def>to save</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_glebt" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>glēbt</orth>
          <def>to guard, protect</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_glebti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>glė́bti</orth>
          <def>to clasp, clench, seize; to embrace; to take care of</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_globti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>glóbti</orth>
          <def>to hug, embrace; to wrap up; to care for</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_grebti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>grė́bti</orth>
          <def>to rake; to seize, rob</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_klebti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>klė́bti</orth>
          <def>to embrace</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_klumpo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klumpô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>klumpô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈklum.pɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛚᚢᛗᛈᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>clasp; clamp</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>lump; mass; clump</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Perhaps leveled from an earlier n-stem *kl(e/a)mbô ~ *klumppaz, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_glembh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_glembh">*glembʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘clasp; mass’), apparently a nasal-infixed form of *glebʰ- (‘to clasp’) (compare Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_glebti"><ref target="#cog_lit_glebti">glė́bti</ref></mentioned> (‘to clasp, clench, seize; to embrace; to take care of’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_glebt"><ref target="#cog_lav_glebt">glēbt</ref></mentioned> (‘to guard, protect’); Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_globti"><ref target="#cog_lit_globti">glóbti</ref></mentioned> (‘to hug, embrace; to wrap up; to care for’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_glabt"><ref target="#cog_lav_glabt">glābt</ref></mentioned> (‘to guard, protect, help’); Slovene glábiti (‘to rake together, gather’)), itself possibly extended from *gel- (‘to form into a ball; ball’). Most cognates however are uncertain and affected by sound-symbolism; see e.g. Latin glaeba, globus, glomus and Proto-West Germanic *klott (‘clod’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">On the other hand, Derksen considers the root in Germanic and Balto-Slavic to be an isogloss of substrate origin, due to variation in both the initial consonant (*g⁽ʰ⁾ ~ *k; cf. Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_klebti"><ref target="#cog_lit_klebti">klė́bti</ref></mentioned> (‘to embrace’)) and final consonant (*bʰ ~ *(m)b)—the latter further evidenced by varying vowel length and accent in Baltic—as well as the intervening vowel (cf. Lithuanian glaũbti). Additionally there are similar words in both branches from initial *gr-: compare Proto-Germanic *krampô (‘clamp’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_grebti"><ref target="#cog_lit_grebti">grė́bti</ref></mentioned> (‘to rake; to seize, rob’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>klumpô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>klumpaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>klumpanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>klumpanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>klumpiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>klumpanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>klumpini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>klumpammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>klumpinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>klumpammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>klumpô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>klumpaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*clympe</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>clompe, clymppan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>clump</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>clump</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>clympre</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>clompe, clymppan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>clump</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>clump</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>clymppe</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>clompe, clymppan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>clump</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>clump</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>klumpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Klump</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>klomp</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klumpo</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klumpe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Klumpe, Klump</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Klump</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klumpo</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klumpe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>klumper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>klump</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*klumpo</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>clompe, klompe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>klomp</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>klomp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>klumpu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>klomp, clomp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                        <orth>klomp, klump</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                        <orth>klòmpi, klompi, klòmp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                        <orth>klompu</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*klumpo</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>*klumpe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Klumpen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>Klumpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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