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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *klōkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_klōkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kalkhaino" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>καλχαίνω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kalkhaínō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to ponder</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_glicc" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>glicc</orth>
          <def>shrewd, acute</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_klokaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klōkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>klōkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈklɔː.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛚᛟᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>strong, quick, smart</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Possibly related to Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_glicc"><ref target="#cog_sga_glicc">glicc</ref></mentioned> (‘shrewd, acute’), Scots gleg (‘smart, quick’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kalkhaino"><ref target="#cog_grc_kalkhaino">καλχαίνω</ref></mentioned> (kalkhaínō, ‘to ponder’), Middle English begalewen (‘to frighten, stupefy’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōkas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōkammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōkanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>klōkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>klōkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>klōkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>klōkammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>klōkōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>klōkammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klôk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kluoc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>kluug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>klug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>klugh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קלוג (klug)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klôk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>klókr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>klog</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>klókur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>klókur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>klok</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>klok</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*klōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>klôk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>klókr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>kloker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>klok</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*cluoc</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>cloec</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kloek</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>kloek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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