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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *knippōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_knippōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gneybh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵneybʰ-</orth>
          <def>to pinch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_gnybti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gnýbti</orth>
          <def>idem</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_knippona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knippōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>knippōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈknip.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚾᛁᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to pinch</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to cut, to snap</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to wink</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *ǵnibʰ-néh₂-ti, an iterative verb from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gneybh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gneybh">*ǵneybʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to pinch’) which also gave rise to the strong verb *knīpaną (‘to pinch’). Compare Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_gnybti"><ref target="#cog_lit_gnybti">gnýbti</ref></mentioned> (‘idem’), žnýbti (‘to pinch, snuff a candle’). Whether the root further derives from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵen-, *gen- (‘to pinch, squeeze, bend, press, ball up’) (whence perhaps *knudaną (‘to knead’)) is unclear.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knippō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knippǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knippōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knippōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knippōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knippō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knippōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knippōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knippōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knippō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knippōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knippōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knippōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knippōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knippōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knippōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knippōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knippōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knippōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knippōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knippōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knippōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knippōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knippōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knippōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knippōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knippōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knippōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knippōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knippōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knippōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knippōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knippōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knippōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knippōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knippōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knippōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knippōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>knippōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>knippōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>knippōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>knippōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knippōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knippōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knippōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knippōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knippōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knippōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>knippōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>knippōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>knippōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knippōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*cnippon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>knippen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>knippen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knippōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knippon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>knippen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>knippen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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