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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *knudaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_knudaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_gnesti" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>гнєсти</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gnesti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to squeeze, press</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gen" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gen-</orth>
          <def>to compress</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_gnesti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gnesti</orth>
          <def>to knead, press</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_knudana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knudaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>knudaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈknu.ðɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚾᚢᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to knead</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gen"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gen">*gen-</ref></mentioned> (‘to compress’). Related to Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_gnesti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_gnesti">*gnesti</ref></mentioned> (‘to knead, press’) (&gt; Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_gnesti"><ref target="#cog_chu_gnesti">гнєсти</ref></mentioned> (gnesti, ‘to squeeze, press’)).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knudaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knudai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knudizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knudaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knudazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knudaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knudidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knudai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knudadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knudadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knudaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knudōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knudaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knudadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knudaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knudadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knudamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knudaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knudandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knudaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knudid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knudaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knudid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knudandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knudaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knudandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knudain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knudandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knudandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knudaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knaþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knast</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knaþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>knēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>knēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>knēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>knēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>knudandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>knudanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>knudaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knedan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*knedan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cnēden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kneden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>knee</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knedan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cnedan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>kneden, cnede, knede</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>knead</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>kned</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knedan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*kneda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kneede</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>knetsje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knedan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knëtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>knëten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>khnèttalan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>knieden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>knāta</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קנעטן (knetn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knedan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knëtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>knëten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kneten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>knedi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knedan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>knedan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>knēden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kneden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>knoða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>knoða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hnoða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>knode</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>knoða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>knodha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>knåda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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