<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *knukô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_knukô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kondos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κονδός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kondós</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kondulos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κόνδυλος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kóndulos</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gnew" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gnew-</orth>
          <def>a bundle; knot</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_gniauzti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gniáužti</orth>
          <def>to close one's hand</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_kanda" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>कन्द</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kanda</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_knuko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knukô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>knukô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈknu.kɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚾᚢᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>joint, bone</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵnu-gon-, itself potentially related to *ǵónu (‘knee’). The nature of the relation of the root to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_gniauzti"><ref target="#cog_lit_gniauzti">gniáužti</ref></mentioned> (‘to close one's hand’) is unclear.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Older theories derived the root from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gnew"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gnew">*gnew-</ref></mentioned> (‘a bundle; knot’), extended from the root *gen- (‘to pinch; clench; ball up’), with the suffix *-kô used in some names of body parts, and compared with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kondos"><ref target="#cog_grc_kondos">κονδός</ref></mentioned> (kondós), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kondulos"><ref target="#cog_grc_kondulos">κόνδυλος</ref></mentioned> (kóndulos), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_kanda"><ref target="#cog_san_kanda">कन्द</ref></mentioned> (kanda).</seg>
            <seg type="p">In any case, compare Italian gnocco.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>knukô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>knukaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>knukanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>knukanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>knukiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>knukanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>knukini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>knukammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>knukinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>knukammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>knukô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>knukaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*knuko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cnoke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>knook</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>knok</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*knuko, *knoko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Knoke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knohha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Emilian</lang>
                      <orth>gnôc, gnòc</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>nocca</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knohha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>knoche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Chnoche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Knochen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knohha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Venetan</lang>
                      <orth>gnoco</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Italian</lang>
                        <orth>gnocco</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knuko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*knocke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Jutish</lang>
                        <orth>knååk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Knaak, Knaken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Knoaken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*knuko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cnoke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>knook</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>knok</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*knuko, *knoko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Knoke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knohha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Emilian</lang>
                      <orth>gnôc, gnòc</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>nocca</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knohha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>knoche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Chnoche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Knochen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knohha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Venetan</lang>
                      <orth>gnoco</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Italian</lang>
                        <orth>gnocco</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knuko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*knocke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Jutish</lang>
                        <orth>knååk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Knaak, Knaken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Knoaken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>knúi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kno</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>knoke, knoka, knokå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kjúka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>knúi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>knōe, knōghe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>knoge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
