<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *knukōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_knukōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_knukona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knukōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>knukōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈknu.kɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚾᚢᚲᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>To pound on; beat on; knock</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *knukô (‘bone’) + *-ōną, perhaps reinforced by sound-symbolism.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knukǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knukōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knukōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knukōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knukōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knukōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knukōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knukōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knukōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knukōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knukōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knukōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knukōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knukōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knukōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knukōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knukōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knukōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knukōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knukōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knukōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knukōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knukōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knukōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knukōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knukōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>knukōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>knukōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>knukōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>knukōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knukōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knukōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knukōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knukōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knukōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knukōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>knukōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>knukōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>knukōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cnucian, cnocian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>knokken, cnoken, knocke, knok, knoke, knokke, knokkyn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>knock, tnock, knack</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>knockt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cnucian, cnocian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>knokken, cnoken, knocke, knok, knoke, knokke, knokkyn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>knock</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>knokken, nokken</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*knohhōn, *knochōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>knochen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knokōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knokōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*knoken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>ûtknoken, ûtknōken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>knoka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>knuge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>knoka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>knuge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>knocka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Middle Irish</lang>
                  <orth>*cnagaid</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Irish</lang>
                    <orth>cnag</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                    <orth>cnag</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
