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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *knēaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_knēaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gneh3" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵneh₃-</orth>
          <def>to know</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kneana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knēaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>knēaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈknɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚾᛖᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7d</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to know, recognise, understand</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gneh3"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gneh3">*ǵneh₃-</ref></mentioned> (‘to know’), the same root as *kunnaną, but the exact mode of derivation is unclear. It may reflect a back-formation from an older *knō-, which could be an original perfective or stative formation.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knēō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knēaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knēai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knēizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knēaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knēazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knēaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knēidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knēai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knēadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knēadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knēaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knēōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knēaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knēadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knēaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knēadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knēamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knēaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knēid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knēaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knēid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knēandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knēain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knēandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>keknō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>keknōį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>keknōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>keknōīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>keknō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>keknōī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>keknōū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>keknōīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>keknōudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>keknōīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>keknōum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>keknōīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>keknōud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>keknōīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>keknōun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>keknōīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>knēandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>knēanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>knēaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>knājan, knāen, knāan, chnāan, chnāhan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>knāian</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knāan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cnāwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>knawen, knowen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>know</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>knaw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>knou, knouwe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kná</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>knega</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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