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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *knībaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_knībaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_knibaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knībaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>knībaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkniː.βɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>pincers; shears</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>knife</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A nominal formation, with quasi-Indo-European form *ǵneybʰ-o(n)-, perhaps from an unattested *knībaną, itself related to *knippōną (‘to pinch’); see there for more.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>knībaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>knībōz, knībōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>knībą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>knībanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>knības, knībis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>knībǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>knībai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>knībamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>knībō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>knībamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>knīb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>knībōz, knībōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*cnīfus</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*cnīf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cnijf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>knijf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cnīf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>knyf, knif</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>canif</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>knyfe, knife</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>kunnife</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cnīf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>knyf, knif</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>knife</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>nefi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*knīf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kniif, knyf, knyft</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*knīb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>knîp, knîf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kneip, Knifte</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Knäip</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knīf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>knîf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Knief</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>knief, kniiv, knif</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Kjnief</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>knífr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kniv</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>knaiv</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>knívur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>kneiv</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>hnífur, knífur</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>knífr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>kniv</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>kniv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>knífr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>cnīf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>knyf, knif</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>canif</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>knyfe, knife</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yola</lang>
                          <orth>kunnife</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>knífr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>cnīf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>knyf, knif</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>knife</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                            <orth>nefi</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>knífr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>knīver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>knif, kniv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*nijpē</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Eastern Samic</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Akkala Sami</lang>
                        <orth>ныййпь (nyjjp’)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Inari Sami</lang>
                        <orth>nijbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Kildin Sami</lang>
                        <orth>ныййп (nyjjp)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Skolt Sami</lang>
                        <orth>neiʹbb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Ter Sami</lang>
                        <orth>nijjbe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*nijpē</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Western Samic</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Lule Sami</lang>
                        <orth>nijbbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                        <orth>niibi</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pite Sami</lang>
                        <orth>nijjbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Southern Sami</lang>
                        <orth>nejpie</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Ume Sami</lang>
                        <orth>nijbbie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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