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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *knīpaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_knīpaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gneybh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵneybʰ-</orth>
          <def>to pinch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_knipana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knīpaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>knīpaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkniː.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚾᛁᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to pinch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gneybh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gneybh">*ǵneybʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to pinch’). The root final -p was adopted from or influenced by the iterative *knippōną (‘to pinch, cut, snap’); see there for more.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Likely related to *hnīpaną (‘to pinch, squeeze’), but it's unclear how the variation of the initial consonant arose.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knīpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knīpaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knīpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knīpizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knīpaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knīp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knīpazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knīpaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knīpidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knīpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knīpadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knīpadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knīpaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knīpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>knīpaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knīpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knīpaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>knīpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knīpamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knīpaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knīpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knīpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knīpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knīpaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knīpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knīpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knīpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knīpandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knīpain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knīpandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knīpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knīpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knaip</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>knipį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knaift</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>knipīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knaip</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>knipī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>knipū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>knipīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>knipudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>knipīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knipum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>knipīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knipud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>knipīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knipun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>knipīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>knīpandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>knipanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>knīpaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*cnīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>knîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>kniepe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*cnīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>knîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>kniepe, kneipe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>knäipen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*cnīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>knîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>knijpen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>knyp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*cnīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>knîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>*knipen, *knippen, nippen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>nip, knipe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>knipe, knip, nipe, nip</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*knīpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kniepe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*knīpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>knipe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>knypje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>knîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>knipa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>knîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kniepen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>kniepen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>knîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>*knīpen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                          <orth>קנײַפּן (knaypn)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*knīpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>knîpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>*knīpen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>kneipen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>kneifen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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