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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *krafjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_krafjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_grabion" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>γράβιον</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>grábion</orth>
          </form>
          <def>torch, brand</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_grep" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*grep-</orth>
          <def>a hook, force</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_krafjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krafjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>krafjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkrɑɸ.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᚨᚠᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to demand</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Related to *kraftuz (‘force, strength’), of unknown origin. Possibly related to Umbrian Grabovio, *Grabo-, an Italic god of rocks and oak trees described in the Iguvine Tablets (see Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_grabion"><ref target="#cog_grc_grabion">γράβιον</ref></mentioned> (grábion, ‘torch, brand’)). Pokorny suggests a connection to Albanian kërrabë and Proto-West Germanic *krappō (‘hook’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grep"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grep">*grep-</ref></mentioned> (‘a hook, force’), extended form of *ger- (‘to turn, wind’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krafjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krafjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krafjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krafisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krafjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krafi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krafjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krafjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krafiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krafjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krafjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krafjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krafjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krafjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krafjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krafjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krafjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krafjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krafjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krafjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krafjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krafjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krafiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krafjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krafiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krafjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krafjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krafjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krafjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krafjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krafjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krafjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krafidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krafidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krafidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krafidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krafidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krafidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>krafidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>krafidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>krafidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>krafidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krafidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krafidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krafidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krafidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krafidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krafidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>krafjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>krafidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>krafjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krafōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crafian, crafiġean, cræfian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>craven, crave, cravyn, crawyn, krave</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krafēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crafian, crafiġean, cræfian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>craven, crave, cravyn, crawyn, krave</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crafian, crafiġean, cræfian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>craven, crave, cravyn, crawyn, krave</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crafian, crafiġean, cræfian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>craven, crave, cravyn, crawyn, krave</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>crave</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>krefja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>krevja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>krefja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>krevja, krevje</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>krefja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kræve</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kreve</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>krefja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kræfia, kræfiæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kräva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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