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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *krakjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_krakjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gerh2_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gerh₂-</orth>
          <def>to make a sound, cry hoarsely</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_girgzdeti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>girgždėti</orth>
          <def>to creak, squeak</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_krakjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krakjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>krakjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkrɑk.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᚨᚲᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to crack; crackle; shriek</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gerg-, *grā- (‘to crow, shout’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gerh2_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gerh2_x2">*gerh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to make a sound, cry hoarsely’), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_girgzdeti"><ref target="#cog_lit_girgzdeti">girgždėti</ref></mentioned> (‘to creak, squeak’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kraki</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krakjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krakjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>krakidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>krakidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>krakjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>krakidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>krakjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakkjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krekken, *kreken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kricken, creken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krieken, krikken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakkjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krekken, *kreken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kricken, creken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>crekelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>krekelen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakkjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krekken, *kreken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kricken, creken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>creken, criken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>creak</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakkjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krekken, *kreken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kricken, creken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>*criker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle French</lang>
                          <orth>crikier</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>French</lang>
                            <orth>criquer</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakkjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*cræċċan, *ċiercan, ċircan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cracchen, crykken, cherken, chirken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>chirk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>chirk, jirg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakkjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>krehhen, krechen, krekken, krecken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krechen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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