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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *krakōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_krakōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gerh2_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gerh₂-</orth>
          <def>to make a sound, cry hoarsely</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_girgzdeti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>girgždėti</orth>
          <def>to creak, squeak</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_krakona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krakōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>krakōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkrɑ.kɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᚨᚲᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to crack; crackle; shriek</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gerg-, *grā- (‘to crow, shout’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gerh2_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gerh2_x2">*gerh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to make a sound, cry hoarsely’), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_girgzdeti"><ref target="#cog_lit_girgzdeti">girgždėti</ref></mentioned> (‘to creak, squeak’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krakōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krakōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krakōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krakōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krakōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>krakōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>krakōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>krakōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krakōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krakōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krakōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>krakōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>krakōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>krakōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krakon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>craken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kraken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kraak</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krakon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>craken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>craquer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>craquer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cracian, ċearcian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>craken, crakken, charken, cherkin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crake, crack, chark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crak, crack, craik, jarg, chirk, girgand, chork</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*krakja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kroakje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kreakje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>krahhōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krachen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>kråcha, kråchn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>krachen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>krache</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>kraachen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krakōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krakōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krāken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kraken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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