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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *krappōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_krappōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_krappona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krappōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>krappōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkrɑp.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᚨᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to scratch</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to crawl</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">An iterative verb from Proto-Indo-European *grobʰ-néh₂-ti</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krappǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krappōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krappōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krappōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krappōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krappōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krappōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krappōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krappōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krappōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krappōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krappōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krappōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krappōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krappōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krappōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krappōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krappōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krappōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krappōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krappōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krappōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>krappōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>krappōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>krappōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>krappōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krappōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krappōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krappōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krappōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krappōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krappōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>krappōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>krappōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>krappōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krappōn, *krabbōn, *kravōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>krappen, krabben, *kraven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krappen, krabben, kraven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*krapfōn, *krappōn, *krabōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krapfen, *krappen, *kraben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>krappen, kraben</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krabben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>krabbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>krabba</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krabben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>krabba</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krappōn, *krabbōn, *kravōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>krappen, krabben, *kraven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krappen, krabben, kraven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*krapfōn, *krappōn, *krabōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krapfen, *krappen, *kraben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>krappen, kraben</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krabben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>krabbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>krabba</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krabben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>krabba</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krappōn, *krabbōn, *kravōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>krappen, krabben, *kraven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krappen, krabben, kraven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*krapfōn, *krappōn, *krabōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krapfen, *krappen, *kraben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>krappen, kraben</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krabben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>krabbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>krabba</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krabōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krabbōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krabben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>krabba</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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