<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kreukaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kreukaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_gruc" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>gruc</orth>
          <def>wrinkle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kreukana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreukaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kreukaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkreu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᛖᚢᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to fold, wrinkle</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to stoop, crawl</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">According to Kroonen, the verb was associated by the Germanic tribes with the unrelated *kreupaną (‘to crawl’) from an early stage. He suggests that the root final -k arose from an earlier geminate -kk, which was adopted from the iterative verb *krukkōną. Related to Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_gruc"><ref target="#cog_sga_gruc">gruc</ref></mentioned> (‘wrinkle’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreukaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreukai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kriukizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreukaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreuk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreukazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreukaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kriukidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreukai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreukadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreukadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreukaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kreukōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kreukaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreukadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreukaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreukadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreukamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreukaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kriukid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreukaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kriukid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreukandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreukain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreukandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krukį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krauht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krukīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krukī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>krukū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>krukīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>krukudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>krukīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krukum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krukīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krukud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krukīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krukun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krukīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kreukandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>krukanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kreukaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kreukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*krūka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>krûke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kreukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kriohhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kriechen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kriechen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*krjúka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>krjuke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>krjuke, krjuka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
