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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kreupaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kreupaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_grewbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*grewbʰ-</orth>
          <def>to crawl</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_grubineti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>grubinė́ti</orth>
          <def>to stumble</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kreupana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreupaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kreupaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkreu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᛖᚢᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to writhe, twist, wind</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to creep, crawl</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">According to Kroonen, the derivations containing -p(p)- and -b(b)- show that the root was originally Pre-Germanic *kreupp-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grewbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grewbh">*grewbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to crawl’), rather than the traditionally given *grewb-. He gives Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_grubineti"><ref target="#cog_lit_grubineti">grubinė́ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to stumble’) as a cognate.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreupō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreupaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kriupizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreupaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreupazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreupaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kriupidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreupadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreupadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreupaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kreupōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kreupaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreupadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreupaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreupadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreupamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreupaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kriupid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreupaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kriupid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreupandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreupain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreupandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreupandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreupaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kraup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krupį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krauft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krupīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kraup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krupī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>krupū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>krupīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>krupudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>krupīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krupum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krupīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krupud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krupīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krupun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krupīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kreupandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>krupanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kreupaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kreupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*crūpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>crupen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>kroepe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kreupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*crūpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>crupen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kruipen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kruip</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>krup, kryb</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kreupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crēopan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>crepen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>creep</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crepe, creip</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kreupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>krjope, kjoope</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>krippe, krûpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kreupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kriofan, *krūfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kriefen, krūfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>chrüpfen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>kruffe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kraufen, krüpfen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kreupan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kriopan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krêpen, krûpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>krepen, krupen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>krjúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>kriuopa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>krúpa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>kräupe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>krjúpa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>krýba</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                    <orth>crùb</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>krjúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>krype</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>krype, krypa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>krjúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>krȳpæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>krybe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>krjúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>krȳpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>krypa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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