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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kreustaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kreustaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_skraustet" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>skraustêt</orth>
          <def>to crackle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_xrusteti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*xrustěti</orth>
          <def>to crackle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kreustana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreustaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kreustaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkreu̯s.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᛖᚢᛊᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to gnash, to grind</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly related to Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_skraustet"><ref target="#cog_lav_skraustet">skraustêt</ref></mentioned> (‘to crackle’) and Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_xrusteti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_xrusteti">*xrustěti</ref></mentioned> (‘to crackle’) (compare Russian хруст (xrust, ‘to crackle, crunch’), which is considered to be imitative).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreustō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreustaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kreustai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kriustizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreustaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreustazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kreustaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kriustidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreustai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreustadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreustadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kreustaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kreustōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kreustaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreustadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreustaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kreustadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreustamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreustaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreustandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kreustaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kriustid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreustaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kriustid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreustandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kreustaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreustandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreustain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreustandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreustandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kreustaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kraust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krustį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kraust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krustīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kraust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krustī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>krustū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>krustīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>krustudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>krustīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krustum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krustīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krustud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krustīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krustun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krustīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kreustandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>krustanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kreustaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krustijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Late Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*crusciō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>croissir</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*krjósta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kroysta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kreista</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*krjósta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>krýsta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>krysta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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