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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kringaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kringaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_grengh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*grenǵʰ-</orth>
          <def>to turn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_grezti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gręžti</orth>
          <def>to bore, drill</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kringana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kringaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kringaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᛁᚾᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to turn, fall, yield</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grengh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grengh">*grenǵʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn’). Related to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_grezti"><ref target="#cog_lit_grezti">gręžti</ref></mentioned> (‘to bore, drill’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kringō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kringaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kringai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kringizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kringaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kring</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kringazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kringaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kringidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kringai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kringadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kringadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kringaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kringōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kringaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kringadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kringaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kringadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kringamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kringaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kringandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kringaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kringid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kringaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kringid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kringandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kringaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kringandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kringain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kringandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kringandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kringaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kranht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>krungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>krungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>krungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>krungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kringandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>krunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kringaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>cringan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>crincan</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Low German</lang>
                  <orth>kringen</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*kringan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>cringen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kringen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>krink</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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