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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kringaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kringaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kringaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kringaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kringaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkriŋ.ɡɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᛁᚾᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ring, circle</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the strong verb *kringaną (‘to turn, fall’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kringaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kringōz, kringōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kringą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kringanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kringas, kringis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kringǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kringai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kringamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kringō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kringamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kring</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kringōz, kringōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*kring</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>crinc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Kring</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*kring</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>crinc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                      <orth>krink</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*kring</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>crinc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kring</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>kring</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                        <orth>kring, lingkungan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                        <orth>rink</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                        <orth>kren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*kring</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>krinc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Kring</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*kring</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>krinc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kringel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kringel, Krengel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>кре́ндель (kréndelʹ)</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>krendel</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>chrinc</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>krinc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Kring</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>chrinc</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>krinc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kringel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kringel, Krengel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>кре́ндель (kréndelʹ)</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>krendel</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kringr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kringur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kringur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kring, omkring, ikring, kringom</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kring, omkring, ikring</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*riŋkē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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