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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *krukjō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_krukjō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ger" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ger-</orth>
          <def>to bend, turn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_grewg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*grewg-</orth>
          <def>bend, wrinkle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_krukjo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krukjō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>krukjō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkruk.jɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᚢᚲᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>curved staff</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>crutch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grewg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grewg">*grewg-</ref></mentioned> (‘bend, wrinkle’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ger"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ger">*ger-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend, turn’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>krukjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>krukjôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>krukjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>krukjōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>krukjōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>krukjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>krukjōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>krukjōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>krukjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>krukjōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>krukjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>krukjôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>crucia, crucea, cruccia, crucca, croccia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Franco-Provençal</lang>
                      <orth>crosse, croche</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Piedmontese</lang>
                      <orth>cròssa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>crucia, crucea, cruccia, crucca, croccia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>crosse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>crosse</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>crosse</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                            <orth>crossa</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>crucia, crucea, cruccia, crucca, croccia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>cròça</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Occitan</lang>
                        <orth>cròça</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*krukka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>crucke, cricke, crocke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kruk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cryċċ, criċċ, cryċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>crucche, croch, croche, crouch, cruche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crutch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crutch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*krukk, *krekk, *krek</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Krukke, Kruke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kruk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>krucka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krücke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>khrukha</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Krücke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>krukka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krucke, krocke, krücke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>krykke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Krück</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>krukke, Krükke, Krück</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>krykke, krykkje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krukkju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>krukka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krucke, krocke, krücke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>krykkia</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>krycka</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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