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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *krumpaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_krumpaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_grob" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*grǫbъ</orth>
          <def>coarse, rude</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_krumpaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krumpaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>krumpaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkrum.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᚢᛗᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bent, crooked, curved</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Kroonen considers the word a secondary adjectival formation from *krimpaną (‘to shrink, draw back’), with Pfeifer adducing Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_grob"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_grob">*grǫbъ</ref></mentioned> (‘coarse, rude’) as a cognate.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpą, -at, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpą, -at, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpas, krumpis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpas, krumpis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>krumpaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>krumpaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>krumpaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>krumpammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>krumpōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>krumpammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*crump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>crom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>cromb, cron, kromp, cronbin</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>krómp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crump, crumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>crumb, crombe, croume, crump, cromp</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crump</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crump, crumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>crumb, crombe, croume, crump, cromp</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>crummet, crommat</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>krumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kruum</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>krom, krûm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>krumb, krumpf, krumm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krump, krimpf, krum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>khrómp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>krumm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>krumm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>kromm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krump</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>krumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krumm, krum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>krumm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*crump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>crom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>cromb, cron, kromp, cronbin</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>krómp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crump, crumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>crumb, crombe, croume, crump, cromp</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crump</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>crump, crumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>crumb, crombe, croume, crump, cromp</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>crummet, crommat</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>krumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kruum</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>krom, krûm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>krumb, krumpf, krumm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krump, krimpf, krum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>khrómp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>krumm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>krumm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>kromm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>krumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krumm, krum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>krumm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Celtic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumbos</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Irish</lang>
                    <orth>cromb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Irish</lang>
                      <orth>cromm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Irish</lang>
                        <orth>crom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Manx</lang>
                        <orth>croym</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                        <orth>crom</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Celtic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumbos</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Brythonic</lang>
                    <orth>*krum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Cornish</lang>
                      <orth>crom</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Celtic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumbos</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Brythonic</lang>
                    <orth>*krum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Welsh</lang>
                      <orth>crwm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Welsh</lang>
                        <orth>crwm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Celtic</lang>
                  <orth>*krumbos</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Brythonic</lang>
                    <orth>*krum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Breton</lang>
                      <orth>crum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Breton</lang>
                        <orth>crom, croum</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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