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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kruppaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kruppaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_grewb" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*grewb-</orth>
          <def>to curve, bend, crawl</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kruppaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kruppaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kruppaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkrup.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᚢᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a body; mass</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a compressed, round mass; lump; ball</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>a group; bunch; collection</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>a crop; bunch; cluster; head (of grain)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="5">
            <def>a crop</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grewb"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grewb">*grewb-</ref></mentioned> (‘to curve, bend, crawl’), from a root Proto-Indo-European *ger- (‘to turn, wind (into a mass)’), and compared with Persian گروه (goruh, ‘group’), though the reconstruction appears outdated (as more recent research reconstructs the proto-root as *grewbʰ-, see the entry for *kreupaną linked below), and the existence of a more fundamental root *ger- appears quite uncertain.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen tentatively considers the word an a-stem nominal formation related to *kruppōną (‘to crawl’), itself the iterative to *kreupaną (‘to crawl, writhe’), via sense development "to bend down and crawl" &gt; "to bunch oneself into a clump-like shape".</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kruppaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kruppōz, kruppōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kruppą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kruppanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kruppas, kruppis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kruppǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kruppai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kruppamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kruppō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kruppamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>krupp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kruppōz, kruppōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kropp, crop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>crop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krop</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>krop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>krop</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cropp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>croppe, crop, crope, cropp, croupe, crowpe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crop</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*krop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Krop</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>krop</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kropf, kroph</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kropf, kroph</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kropf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Kropp, Krupp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>kröp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kropf, kroph</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kropf, kroph</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Kropp</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Krapp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kropp, krop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Kropp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Kropp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kropp, krop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ravensbergisch-Lippisch</lang>
                          <orth>Krop, Krip</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Suerländer-Märkisch</lang>
                          <orth>Kropp</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Westmünsterländisch</lang>
                          <orth>Kropp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*cruppus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>grop</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>gruppo, groppo</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Sicilian</lang>
                      <orth>gruppu</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kropp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kropp, crop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>crop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krop</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>krop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>krop</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kropp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cropp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>croppe, crop, crope, cropp, croupe, crowpe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>crop</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kropp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*krop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Krop</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>krop</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kropp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kropf, kroph</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kropf, kroph</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kropf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Kropp, Krupp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>kröp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kropp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kropf, kroph</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kropf, kroph</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Kropp</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Krapp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kropp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kropp, krop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Kropp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Kropp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kropp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kropp, krop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ravensbergisch-Lippisch</lang>
                          <orth>Krop, Krip</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Suerländer-Märkisch</lang>
                          <orth>Kropp</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Westmünsterländisch</lang>
                          <orth>Kropp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kropp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*cruppus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>grop</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>gruppo, groppo</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Sicilian</lang>
                      <orth>gruppu</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kroppr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>krop</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kroppur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kroppur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>kropp</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kropp</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kroppr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>crope, croupe, crupe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norman</lang>
                      <orth>croupe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kroppr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>crope, croupe, crupe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>croupe, crop, crope, croppe, croup, crowpe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>croup, croupe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>crouppe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kroppr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>crope, croupe, crupe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>croupe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>croupe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kroppr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kropper, krupper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kropp</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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