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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *krīskaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_krīskaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_grey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*grey-</orth>
          <def>to shout</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kriskana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krīskaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>krīskaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkriːs.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᛁᛊᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to scream, shout, screech</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_grey">*grey-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shout’), which appears to be related to *gerh₂- (‘to cry hoarsely’); see also *krēaną (‘to crow, shout’), *krītaną (‘to call out, scream’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krīskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krīskaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krīskai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krīskizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krīskaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krīsk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krīskazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krīskaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krīskidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krīskai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krīskadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krīskadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krīskaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krīskōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krīskaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krīskadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krīskaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krīskadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krīskamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krīskaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krīskandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krīskaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krīskid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krīskaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krīskid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krīskandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krīskaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krīskandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krīskain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krīskandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krīskandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krīskaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kraisk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kriskį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kraist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kriskīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kraisk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kriskī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kriskū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kriskīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kriskudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kriskīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kriskum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kriskīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kriskud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kriskīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kriskun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kriskīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>krīskandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kriskanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>krīskaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*crīscan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>criscen, crischen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>kriesje, kriese</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*crīscan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>criscen, crischen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krijsen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>krys</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*crīscan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>criscen, crischen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krijsen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>krieze</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                            <orth>kryskje</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>crincier</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>recrincier, crinçon</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>crincier</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>crincier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>crincer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krīschen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kreischen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krīschen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>kriesche, kreische</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>kreische</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>kräischen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krīskan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krîschen, krissen, krisken, kreisen, krêsen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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