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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *krītaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_krītaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_gryd" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>gryd</orth>
          <def>a scream</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_gingrio" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>gingriō</orth>
          <def>cackle; squawk; quack</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_gurti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gùrti</orth>
          <def>to sound soundly</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kritana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krītaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>krītaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkriː.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚱᛁᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to call out, scream, shout, proclaim</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *greyd-, *grey- (‘to shout’), which appears to be connected to *gerh₂- (‘to cry hoarsely; crane’); the assignment of this reconstruction to the level of Proto-Germanic rests on the Crimean Gothic hapax eriten (taken to be a misspelling of *criten or the like). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_gurti"><ref target="#cog_lit_gurti">gùrti</ref></mentioned> (‘to sound soundly’), Middle Irish grith (‘a cry’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_gryd"><ref target="#cog_cym_gryd">gryd</ref></mentioned> (‘a scream’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_gingrio"><ref target="#cog_lat_gingrio">gingriō</ref></mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> </mentioned>(“cackle; squawk; quack”, verb). Thought by some to be the origin of Vulgar Latin *crītāre.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krītō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krītaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krītai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krītizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krītaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krīt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krītazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>krītaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krītidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krītai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krītadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krītadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krītaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krītōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>krītaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krītadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krītaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>krītadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krītamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krītaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krītandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>krītaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krītid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krītaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krītid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krītandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>krītaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krītandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krītain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krītandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krītandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>krītaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>krait</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kritį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kraist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kritīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>krait</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kritī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kritū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kritīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kritudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kritīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kritum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kritīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kritud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kritīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kritun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kritīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>krītandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kritanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>krītaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krītan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*crītan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>criten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>krijten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kryt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krītan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*krīta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kriete</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>krite</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krītan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*krīzan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>krīzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kreißen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*krītan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*krītan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>krîten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>krieten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>eriten</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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