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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kubô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kubô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_gufra" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬔𐬎𐬟𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gufra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>deep, hidden</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_gupe" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>γῡ́πη</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gū́pē</orth>
          </form>
          <def>den, hole</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_zupa" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*župa</orth>
          <def>cavity, hole</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kubo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kubô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kubô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈku.βɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚢᛒᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>shed, hut; originally "wattle shed"</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain, apparently with a pre-form *gubʰ-on-. Close to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_gupe"><ref target="#cog_grc_gupe">γῡ́πη</ref></mentioned> (gū́pē, ‘den, hole’), possibly sharing a substrate origin, but Kroonen finds it hard to reconcile the vowels, and expresses skepticism at other theories linking the Germanic to Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_gufra"><ref target="#cog_ave_gufra">𐬔𐬎𐬟𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned> (gufra, ‘deep, hidden’) (&lt; *gup-ro-) and Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_zupa"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_zupa">*župa</ref></mentioned> (‘cavity, hole’) (&lt; *gewp-eh₂) for semantic reasons.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kubô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kubaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kubanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kubanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kubiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kubanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kubini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kubammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kubinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kubammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kubô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kubaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kobō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kovo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kove</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kobō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cofa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cove</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>cove</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kobō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cofa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cove</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>cove</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>koof</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kobō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*kova, *kove</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Koowe, Kowe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kouwe, kou</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kobō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*kobo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kobe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Koben</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kobō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*kovo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kōve, kāve, kōven, kaven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Koov, Kaven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kofi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kove</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kovi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kofi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>kove</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kofi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kovi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kova, kove, kuvi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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