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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kulą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kulą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_zvilti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>žvi̇̀lti</orth>
          <def>to shine</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_jvalati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>ज्वलति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>jválati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to burn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_gual" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>gúal</orth>
          <def>charcoal, coal</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kula" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kulą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kulą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈku.lɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚢᛚᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>coal</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *ǵulHom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵwl̥H-o-m, from *ǵwelH- (‘to burn, shine’). Related to Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_gual"><ref target="#cog_sga_gual">gúal</ref></mentioned> (‘charcoal, coal’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_jvalati"><ref target="#cog_san_jvalati">ज्वलति</ref></mentioned> (jválati, ‘to burn’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_zvilti"><ref target="#cog_lit_zvilti">žvi̇̀lti</ref></mentioned> (‘to shine’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kulą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kulą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kulas, kulis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kulǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kulai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kulamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kulamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kulą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kulō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kole</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>kaol</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kole</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kool</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kool</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Hindustani</lang>
                          <orth>koro</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>kol</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kôl</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mahican</lang>
                          <orth>gónan</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>kool</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>kolo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>kolo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Teochew</lang>
                          <orth>高麗 (go¹ lê⁶), 高丽 (go¹ lê⁶)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kole</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kool</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hokkien</lang>
                          <orth>高麗菜, 高丽菜</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Chinese</lang>
                            <orth>高麗菜, 高丽菜</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>col</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>col, cole</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>coal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>col, coll</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kole</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Cole, Koole</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>koal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kol</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>kholl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kohle</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Kuel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>köła</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קויל (koyl)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*kol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kole</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Kahl, Kaal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Kol</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kol</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kol</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>kuł</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kull</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kol</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kol, kul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kol</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kol</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kol</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>kuł</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kull</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kol</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kol, kul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kol</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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