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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kumbraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kumbraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_gemo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>γέμω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gémō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to be full</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gem" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gem-</orth>
          <def>to grab; hold; press; pack; cram</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kumbraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kumbraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kumbraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkum.brɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚢᛗᛒᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sorrow, burden, trouble</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *gm̥ros, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gem"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gem">*gem-</ref></mentioned> (‘to press together, grasp’). Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_gemo"><ref target="#cog_grc_gemo">γέμω</ref></mentioned> (gémō, ‘to be full’). An uncertain reconstruction; note that many etymologists view the given descendants as being derived from Latin or a Celtic language (see the etymology at German Kummer).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kumbraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kumbrōz, kumbrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kumbrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kumbranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kumbras, kumbris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kumbrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kumbrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kumbramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kumbrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kumbramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kumbr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kumbrōz, kumbrōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>kummer</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>comer, comber</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>kommer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                      <orth>kommer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                  <orth>kumber, kummer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>German</lang>
                    <orth>Kummer</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                    <orth>Kommer</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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