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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kunnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kunnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kunnana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kunnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkun.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚢᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Preterite-present</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to know, to be familiar with, to recognise</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to know how, to be able to</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti, from *ǵneh₃- (‘to know’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kann</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kunnį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kannt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kunnīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kann</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kunnī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kunnū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kunnīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kunnudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kunnīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kunnum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kunnīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kunnud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kunnīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kunnun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kunnīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kunþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kunþēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kunþēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kunþēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kunþē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kunþēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kunþēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kunþēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kunþēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kunþēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kunþēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kunþēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kunþēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kunþēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kunþēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kunþēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kunnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kunþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kunnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kunnan, cunnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>connen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>kónne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>keunn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kunnan, cunnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>connen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kunnen, kennen, konnen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kan</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kan</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>ken</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>kan, ka</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Petjo</lang>
                          <orth>kan, ken</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>can</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cunnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cunnen, conne, connen, cun, cunne, can, canne, kanne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>can, con, cun, could, cunning, canny</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>can, cun, cunning</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>canna, cou</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kunna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>konne</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kinne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kunnan, chunnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kunnen, künnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>kenne, känne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>können</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>kënnen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>kenna</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קענען (kenen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kunnan, chunnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kunnen, künnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>chöne, chönne</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swabian</lang>
                          <orth>kenna</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Sathmar Swabian</lang>
                            <orth>kenne</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kunnan, chunnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kunnen, künnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>kenne</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kunnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>künnen, kynnen, kunnen, konnen, können, kȫnen, konen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>kjanen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kunnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>künnen, kynnen, kunnen, konnen, können, kȫnen, konen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>könen, können, künnen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>känen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kunna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>kunna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kunna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>kunne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kunna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kunna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kunne</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>kunne, kunna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kunna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kunnæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kunne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kunna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kunna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kunna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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