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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kunþaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kunþaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kunthaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunþaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kunþaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkun.θɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚢᚾᚦᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>known</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">*kunnaną (‘to know’) + *-þaz (past participle suffix). See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.</seg>
            <seg type="p">May also be analyzed as from pre-Germanic *ǵń̥h₃tos, via unexplained accent shift from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós, or analogical replacement of the suffix.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kunþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kunþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kunþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kunþammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kunþōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kunþammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>cunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kond</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cūþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>couth</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>couth</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>couth</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kūth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kuud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kund</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kunþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kūth, *kunth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kund</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kunnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kunnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kunnur, kuður</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kunnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kunnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kunder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kuðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kunnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kunnur, kuður</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kuðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kuðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kunder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (kunþs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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