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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kuppaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kuppaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gup" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gup-</orth>
          <def>round object, knoll</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_gubt" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>gubt</orth>
          <def>to bend</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_g_bnoti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gъbnǫ̀ti</orth>
          <def>to bend, flex</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kuppaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kuppaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kuppaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkup.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚢᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>round object; orb</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>vessel; container; bowl</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>knoll; hilltop; summit</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>crown (of the head); harnpan; skull; head</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *kubnáz, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gup"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gup">*gup-</ref></mentioned> (‘round object, knoll’), from *gew- (‘to bend, curve, arch, vault’). Compare perhaps Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_gubt"><ref target="#cog_lav_gubt">gubt</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_g_bnoti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_g_bnoti">*gъbnǫ̀ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend, flex’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kuppaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kuppōz, kuppōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kuppą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kuppanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kuppas, kuppis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kuppǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kuppai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kuppamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kuppō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kuppamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kupp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kuppōz, kuppōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kopp, *kop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                      <orth>kobbe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kopp, *kop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>coppe, cop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kop</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>kop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>kop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>kòpi, koppi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Petjo</lang>
                          <orth>kop</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kup</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kopp, *kop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>coppe, cop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kop</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>kop, koppi, kopi, kopje</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>kop</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kopp, *kop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>coppe, cop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kop</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>kopi, kopki</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <orth>Kari'na: kopuma</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>copp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cop, cope, coppe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>cop</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>cop, coppe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Welsh</lang>
                        <orth>copa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>kappas</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>cop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>copet, coupet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>copet, coupet</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kopp, kop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kop</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Kop</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kop</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kopf, chopf, choph</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kopf, koph</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Chopf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kopf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Kapp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קאָפּ (kop)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kopp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*kopp, *kop, kopp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>koppe, kop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Kopp</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Kopp</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>Kopp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>koppr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kop</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>koppur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>koppur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>kopp</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kopp</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kopp</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>kop</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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