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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kurbiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kurbiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gerbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gerbʰ-</orth>
          <def>to scratch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kurbiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kurbiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kurbiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkur.βiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚢᚱᛒᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a cut</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a score; notch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gerbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gerbh">*gerbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to scratch’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kurbiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kurbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kurbį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kurbinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kurbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kurbijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kurbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kurbimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kurbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kurbimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kurbi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kurbīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kurbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cyrf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>kerf, carffe, kerfe, kirf, kyrf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>kerf, carf</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>kerf, carf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kurbi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kerf, kerve, kere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Käärf</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kerf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kurfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kurfur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kurv, korv, kørv</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kurfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>korver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>korv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>korv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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