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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kussaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kussaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kuneo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κυνέω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kunéō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>idem</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_kaka" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>[script needed]</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kaka-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>tooth</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kussaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kussaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kussaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkus.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚢᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>kiss</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *kw(e)s- (‘to kiss’), which appears to be onomatopoeic. Cognate with Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_kaka"><ref target="#cog_hit_kaka">[script needed]</ref></mentioned> (ku̯aššzi ~ ku̯aššanzi, ‘idem’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kuneo"><ref target="#cog_grc_kuneo">κυνέω</ref></mentioned> (kunéō, ‘idem’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kussaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kussōz, kussōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kussą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kussanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kussas, kussis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kussǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kussai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kussamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kussō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kussamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kuss</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kussōz, kussōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*koss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>koss, kos</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*koss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*cus, *cos</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kos, kus</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kus, kos</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kus</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kosi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>kus</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*koss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>coss, cos, *cus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cos, cus, kis, kys, kysse, kesse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>kiss</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>kis</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>kesse</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*koss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kus, kos</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>khüss</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kuss</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Kuss</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Kuss</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*koss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kus, kuss, koss, kos</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kus, kuss</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Kuß</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Kuss</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>koss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kossur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>koss</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kyss, kjøss, kjuss</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>koss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kys</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>koss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kus, kos</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kyss</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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