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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kwastuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kwastuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_buzdos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*buzdos</orth>
          <def>tail, penis</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_both" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>both</orth>
          <def>hub, nave</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwosdos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gwosdos</orth>
          <def>piece of wood</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_gvozd" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gvozdь</orth>
          <def>nail, tack, peg</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kwastuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwastuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kwastuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkwɑs.tuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚹᚨᛊᛏᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>tuft</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>tassel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwosdos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwosdos">*gwosdos</ref></mentioned> (‘piece of wood’), which seems like a nominal derivative from a root *gʷes- (‘twig; leafwork’). Compare Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_buzdos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_buzdos">*buzdos</ref></mentioned> (‘tail, penis’) (whence Middle Irish bot (‘tail, penis’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_both"><ref target="#cog_cym_both">both</ref></mentioned> (‘hub, nave’)), Albanian gjeth (‘leaf, foliage’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_gvozd"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_gvozd">*gvozdь</ref></mentioned> (‘nail, tack, peg’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kwastuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kwastiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kwastų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kwastunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kwastauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kwastiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kwastiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kwastumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kwastū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kwastumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kwastu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kwastiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwastu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kwast</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>quast</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kwast</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kwas</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwastu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*kwast</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Kwast</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kwast</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwastu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*quast, *quasta, questa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>quast, quaste, queste, koste, kost</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Queste, Quaste, Quest</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwastu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*kwast</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>quast, quest</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Quast</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwasti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kwast</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>quast</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kwast</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>kwas</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwasti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*kwast</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Kwast</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kwast</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwasti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*quast, *quasta, questa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>quast, quaste, queste, koste, kost</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Queste, Quaste, Quest</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwasti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*kwast</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>quast, quest</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Quast</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*kvǫstr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kvistur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kvistur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>kvist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kvist</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*kvǫstr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kvast, kost, kvist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kost</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*kvǫstr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>quist, twist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twist</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twist</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*kvǫstr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kvaster, koster</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kvast, kvist</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvistr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kvistur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kvistur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>kvist</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kvist</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvistr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kvast, kost, kvist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kost</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvistr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>quist, twist</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>twist</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>twist</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvistr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kvaster, koster</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kvast, kvist</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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