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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kwelaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kwelaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwelh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷelH-</orth>
          <def>to hurt</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_gelti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gélti</orth>
          <def>to hurt</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_atbaill" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>atbaill</orth>
          <def>to die</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kwelana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwelaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kwelaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkʷe.lɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚹᛖᛚᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to suffer, hurt</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwelh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwelh">*gʷelH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to hurt’). Related to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_gelti"><ref target="#cog_lit_gelti">gélti</ref></mentioned> (‘to hurt’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_atbaill"><ref target="#cog_sga_atbaill">atbaill</ref></mentioned> (‘to die’). Old Armenian կեղ (keł, ‘ulcer, sore’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kwelō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kwelaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kwelai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kwilizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kwelaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kwel</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kwelazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kwelaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kwilidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kwelai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kweladau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kweladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kwelaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kwelōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kwelaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kweladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kwelaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kweladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kwelamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kwelaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kwelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kwelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kwilid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kwelaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kwilid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kwelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kwelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kwelandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kwelain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kwelandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kwelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kwelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kwal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kwēlį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kwalt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kwēlīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kwal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kwēlī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kwēlū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kwēlīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kwēludiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kwēlīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kwēlum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kwēlīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kwēlud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kwēlīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kwēlun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kwēlīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kwelandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kulanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kwelaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*quelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>quēlen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kwelen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*quelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>quēlen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>quaylen, quaile, quayle, quayll</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>quail, queal, quele</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cwelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>quelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>queal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>quelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>queln</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>quälen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>quelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>quelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>quälen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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