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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kwernō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kwernō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwreh2wo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷréh₂wō</orth>
          <def>heavy stone</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_girna" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>girna</orth>
          <def>grindstone, millstone</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_bro" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>bró</orth>
          <def>millstone, handmill</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kwerno" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwernō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kwernō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkʷer.nɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚹᛖᚱᚾᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>millstone</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>handmill; quern</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *kwernuz, a rare feminine u-stem reanalysed as an ō-stem, in turn from Pre-Germanic *gʷérh₂nus, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwreh2wo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwreh2wo">*gʷréh₂wō</ref></mentioned> (‘heavy stone’), from *gʷréh₂us (‘heavy’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_girna"><ref target="#cog_lit_girna">girna</ref></mentioned> (‘grindstone, millstone’), Russian жёрнов (žórnov, ‘grindstone, millstone’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_bro"><ref target="#cog_sga_bro">bró</ref></mentioned> (‘millstone, handmill’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kwernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kwernôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kwernǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kwernōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kwernōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kwernǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kwernōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kwernōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kwernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kwernōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kwernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kwernôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>cweorn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>querne, quern, queerne, quyerne, quyrne, qwerne, cwerne, qwhern, qweryn, whern</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>quern, kern, curn, quirn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>querne, quern, queirn, queern</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yola</lang>
                      <orth>querne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>quern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>quern</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>querna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>querne, quern</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>kwern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>querne, quern</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>quern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>querne, quern</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*kwerna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>querne, queerne, quaerne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kweern</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>chwirna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>churne, kürne, kurn, kürn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>kwirn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>churne, kürne, kurn, kürn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>quirn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>churne, kürne, kurn, kürn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>kurn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>churne, kürne, kurn, kürn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>churn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>churne, kürne, kurn, kürn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>kwenn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kvørn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>kvänn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kvern, kvörn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>kvæðn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>kvern</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>kværn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kwærn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kværn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kværn, kvarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kvarn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>giertnas</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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