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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kwerruz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kwerruz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwerh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷerH-</orth>
          <def>to crumble, weaken</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwreh2wo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷréh₂wō</orth>
          <def>heavy stone</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_gurt" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>gur̃t</orth>
          <def>to become weak, slacken</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_gurti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>gùrti</orth>
          <def>to sound soundly</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kwerruz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwerruz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kwerruz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkwer.ruz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚹᛖᚱᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>calm; still; quiet</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwerh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwerh">*gʷerH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to crumble, weaken’), and related to Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_gurt"><ref target="#cog_lav_gurt">gur̃t</ref></mentioned> (‘to become weak, slacken’) and Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_gurti"><ref target="#cog_lit_gurti">gùrti</ref></mentioned> (‘to crumble, weaken, subside’). The root *gʷerH- may be further identical to *gʷerh₂- (‘heavy’), from the same semantic tree as Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwreh2wo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwreh2wo">*gʷréh₂wō</ref></mentioned> (‘quern, millstone’), thus "to grind with a quern" &gt; "to weaken, make lax" &gt; "to make still, quiet".</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwerruz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwerrų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwerrų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijas, kwirrīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijas, kwirrīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwirrijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwirrijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwirrī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*quirri, *querri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kurre, kürre, kirre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kirre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwirrī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*kwerri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>quēre, quēr</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kyrr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kyrrur, kvirrur, kúrrur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kyrr, kjur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kyrr, kjørr, kurr, kverr, kvar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kyrr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>querte, quarte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>quart</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kyrr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>querte, quarte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>quert, quart</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>querty</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kyrr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kwær, kwar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kvær, kvar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>kvar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kyrr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>qvar, qvær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kvar, kvär</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvirr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kyrrur, kvirrur, kúrrur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kyrr, kjur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kyrr, kjørr, kurr, kverr, kvar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvirr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>querte, quarte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>quart</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvirr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>querte, quarte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>quert, quart</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>querty</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvirr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kwær, kwar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kvær, kvar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>kvar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvirr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>qvar, qvær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kvar, kvär</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌿𐍃 (qairrus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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