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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kweþuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kweþuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_bitus" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bitus</orth>
          <def>world</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_zivot" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*živòtъ</orth>
          <def>life; belly</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kwethuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kweþuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kweþuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkwe.θuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚹᛖᚦᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>belly, stomach</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>womb</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of disputed origin.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Orel, reconstructing the Germanic as *kwiþuz, prefers to derive the term from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃-tu-s (and thus formally identical to Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_bitus"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_bitus">*bitus</ref></mentioned> (‘world’)), from *gʷeyh₃- (‘to live’), with a similar semantic shift "life" &gt; "belly" as seen in Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_zivot"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_zivot">*živòtъ</ref></mentioned> (‘life; belly’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen is skeptical of the putative semantic shift required, and leaves the origin open.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Older theories deriving the word from a Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-, *gūt- (‘swelling, rounding; stomach, gut’), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷu-, *gū- (‘to bend, curve, bow, camber, vault, distend’), appear formally unconvincing.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kweþuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kwiþiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kweþų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kweþunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kweþauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kwiþiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kwiþiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kweþumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kweþū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kweþumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kweþu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kwiþiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>cwiþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>(in compound: kidenere, kidnere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>kite, kidney</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>kyte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>cwiþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*kid, *kit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>kite, kidney</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>kyte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>cwiþa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>(in compound: kidenere, kidnere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>kite, kidney</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>kyte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>cwiþa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*kid, *kit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>kite, kidney</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>kyte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>cwedele</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>(in compound: kidenere, kidnere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>kite, kidney</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>kyte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>cwedele</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*kid, *kit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>kite, kidney</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>kyte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*kweth</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>quede</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>quiti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>chwadilla, kwedilla, quedilla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kutel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kuttel, Quaddel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>quoden</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>chwadilla, kwedilla, quedilla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kutel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kuttel, Quaddel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kviðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kviður, kvið</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kviður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kwith</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kviðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>qviþer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kved</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (qiþus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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