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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kwikwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kwikwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwih3wos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷih₃wós</orth>
          <def>alive</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kwikwaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwikwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kwikwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkʷi.kʷɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚹᛁᚲᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>alive</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>lively, quick</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwih3wos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwih3wos">*gʷih₃wós</ref></mentioned> (‘alive’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">This word has been supposed to be an example of an h₃w &gt; gʷ &gt; kw shift termed Cowgill's Law (see there for more). However, Kroonen, Steer, and Kölligan give their own alternative explanations without invoking such a sound law:</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kwikwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kwikwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kwikwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kwikwammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwiku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>quic</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>quic</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kwik, kwiek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwiku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cwic, cuc, cucu, cwicu, cwuc, cwucu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>quyk, quic, quicke, quik, quike, quikke, quycke, quyke, quykke, qwicke, qwik, qwyck, qwyk, qwyke, cwic, cwich, cwick, cwuc, qwhyke, weke, whik, whike, whikk, whyk, whyke, whykke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>quick, queek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwiku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cwic, cuc, cucu, cwicu, cwuc, cwucu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>quyk, quic, quicke, quik, quike, quikke, quycke, quyke, quykke, qwicke, qwik, qwyck, qwyk, qwyke, cwic, cwich, cwick, cwuc, qwhyke, weke, whik, whike, whikk, whyk, whyke, whykke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>quick</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ido</lang>
                          <orth>quik</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwiku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>quik</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>quick, queck</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kwik</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kwik, kwyk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwiku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>quic, quec, chëch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>quëc, këc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>keck, qu-</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>kæk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kek</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                          <orth>kjekk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>käck</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwiku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>quik</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*quik, quikpenninc, quikstērt, quiksilver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>quick</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>quick</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvikr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kvik</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kvikur, kykur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kvikur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvikr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kvikk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>kvik, kvikk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvikr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>qvikker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kvick</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kykr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kvik</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kvikur, kykur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kvikur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kykr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kvikk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>kvik, kvikk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kykr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>qvikker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kvick</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌵𐌹𐌿𐍃 (qius)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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